Boycott (Power Plays)
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Avery Brundage opposed a boycott, arguing that politics had no place in sport. He fought to send a US team to the 1936 Olympics, claiming: \"The Olympic Games belong to the athletes and not to the politicians.\" He wrote in the AOC's pamphlet \"Fair Play for American Athletes\" that American athletes should not become involved in the present \"Jew-Nazi altercation.\"
Judge Jeremiah Mahoney, president of the Amateur Athletic Union, led efforts to boycott the 1936 Olympics. He pointed out that Germany had broken Olympic rules forbidding discrimination based on race and religion. In his view, participation would indicate an endorsement of Hitler's Reich.
Mahoney was one of a number of Catholic leaders supporting a boycott. New York mayor Fiorello La Guardia, New York governor Al Smith, and Massachusetts governor James Curley also opposed sending a team to Berlin. The Catholic journal The Commonweal (November 8, 1935) advised boycotting an Olympics that would set the seal of approval on radically anti-Christian Nazi doctrines.
Another important boycott supporter, Ernst Lee Jahncke (a former assistant secretary of the US Navy), was expelled from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in July 1936 after taking a strong public stand against the Berlin Games. The IOC pointedly elected Avery Brundage to fill Jahncke's seat. Jahncke is the only member in the 100-year history of the IOC to be ejected.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not become involved in the boycott issue, despite warnings from high-level American diplomats regarding Nazi exploitation of the Olympics for propaganda purposes. Roosevelt continued a 40-year tradition in which the American Olympic Committee operated independently of outside influence. Both the US ambassador to Germany, William E. Dodd, and George Messersmith, head of the US Legation in Vienna, deplored the American Olympic Committee's decision to go to Berlin.
Short-lived boycott efforts also surfaced in Great Britain, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, and the Netherlands. German Socialists and Communists in exile voiced their opposition to the Games through publications such as Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung (The Worker Illustrated Newspaper). Some boycott proponents supported counter-Olympics. One of the largest was the \"People's Olympiad\" planned for summer 1936 in Barcelona, Spain. It was canceled after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, just as thousands of athletes had begun to arrive.
Individual Jewish athletes from a number of countries also chose to boycott the Berlin Olympics. In the United States, some Jewish athletes and Jewish organiztions like the American Jewish Congress and the Jewish Labor Committee supported a boycott of the Berlin Games.
Many American newspaper editors and anti-Nazi groups, led by Jeremiah Mahoney, president of the Amateur Athletic Union, were unwilling to accept Nazi Germany's hollow pledges regarding German Jewish athletes. But a determined Avery Brundage maneuvered the Amateur Athletic Union to a close vote in favor of sending an American team to Berlin, and, in the end, Mahoney's boycott effort failed.
Athlete protests. Athletes can themselves boycott the games or use the media spotlight to make political statements. Although this is prohibited by the IOC, the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee has said it will not sanction American athletes for protests. Still, some experts warn that athletes who do so could face repercussions.
Full boycotts have happened a handful of times for a variety of reasons. Notable examples include the 1976 games, when more than two dozen African nations boycotted the Montreal Olympics after the IOC refused to ban New Zealand, whose rugby team had ignored an international sporting embargo to tour apartheid South Africa. Four years later, the United States led a boycott of the Moscow Olympics to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union retaliated in 1984, boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics. The last full boycott was in 1988, when North Korea and its allies skipped the Seoul Olympics.
A coalition of 16 State Treasurers, Auditors and Comptrollers has sent an open letter to banking industry officials notifying them that each state will take deliberate steps toward selecting financial institutions that have not adopted corporate policies to cut off financing for the coal, oil and natural gas industries. In Utah, the State Treasurer will perform an enhanced due diligence assessment of future financial services contracts with institutions that have publicly pledged to boycott traditional energy industries.
The sight of Soviet tanks rumbling into Afghanistan in December 1979 can easily be regarded as the moment the stage was set for the U.S. boycott. But conditions had been developing for years as the 1970s, a period of managed competition between the two superpowers, came to a close. It was a time when the Cold War was supposedly less dangerous, but still ongoing. While Americans saw themselves making economic concessions in return for good Soviet behavior and negotiating from a position of equality with Moscow, the Kremlin considered the concessions a reward for its military buildup.
Perhaps he remembered one of the most celebrated boycotts in American history. The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956 was a turning point in the struggle for civil rights and an early example of how protest in the form of a boycott, with all its economic consequences, can be a powerful tool, particularly for people long denied a voice because of racial oppression. Punishing athletes who use their economic clout on behalf of racial equality turns a blind eye to this history.
Stephen A. Smith sheds light on the meeting that took place inside the NBA bubble, saying LeBron James and other players were frustrated by the lack of a plan moving forward after the Bucks started a boycott. (3:02)
The NBA had never faced anything like this moment. Six years ago, players had contemplated a boycott after Clippers owner Donald Sterling was caught on tape making racist statements. But they decided against it once Silver banned Sterling for life.
Jewish Athletes ControversyWith construction of an impressive 325-acre sports complex underway, an international controversy erupted over the Nazis' exclusion of Jewish athletes from Germany's Olympic team. The international community condemned the ban as a violation of the Olympic code of equality and fair play, and called for a boycott. United States Olympic Committee head Avery Brundage initially supported the boycott, but changed his mind after a Nazi-led inspection of the new facilities. He stated publicly that Jewish athletes were being treated fairly. On September 26, 1934, Brundage announced that the American Olympic Committee officially accepted the invitation to participate in the Berlin Olympics.
The Montgomery Improvement Association, the community organization that organized the boycott, saw private automobile ownership as a powerful alternative to the bus systems. As important as their list of demands was their plan for keep the boycott going. At first, they benefited from black taxi organizers who charged ten cents, the same fare as the buses, for rides in town. But when city officials forbade them from charging less than $0.45 per ride, protesters changed tactics and established a private taxi service of their own.
While a diplomatic boycott is a clear political statement, it can also be used politically and in favour of the host nation. And China has paid the IOC for one of the best public relations tools in the world: The opening ceremony of the Olympics with a reach of billions of viewers. In 2008, China showed their extraordinary ability to use the opening ceremony politically. The 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing will be no different.
Russian president Vladimir Putin who has said he will attend the 2022 Winter Olympics has also called the decision about a diplomatic boycott \"unacceptable and erroneous\", and \"an attempt to curb China's growth.\"
The discussion about a diplomatic boycott has also raised the question of whether diplomatic boycotts have an effect or not. French president Emmanuel Macron has said that France will not join a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, calling such a move \"insignificant\" and \"symbolic\".
While the situation in the Xinjiang region is the main reason behind the diplomatic boycotts of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the Uyghurs got less attention from international heads of states before the 2008 Beijing Olympics although Uighur groups already then accused the Chinese government of a heavy-handed crackdown in the region.
The diplomatic boycott by the U.S. and others is a clear political statement that might get some political momentum in some Western societies, but as demonstrated it can also be used politically by the host nation. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics also reveals another political battle that has entered the sporting arena: A rising war on values between democratic and authoritarian states. The big question will be: Who has the greater appeal in the long run
Last month, we saw how quickly the NFL and NFL Players Association will abandon and alter protocols in order to get games played. Is it really ridiculous to think that Rodgers at some point has mused about the potential impact on the NFL of a threat by the best quarterback in football to not play in the Super Bowl unless the protocols change Especially given the fairly recent release of a movie regarding a threatened boycott of the college football national championship
On the morning of October 16, 1968,[2] US athlete Tommie Smith won the 200 meter race with a world-record time of 19.83 seconds. Australia's Peter Norman finished second with a time of 20.06 seconds, and the US's John Carlos finished in third place with a time of 20.10 seconds. After the race was completed, the three went to the podium for their medals to be presented by David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter. The two US athletes received their medals shoeless, but wearing black socks, to represent black poverty.[3] Smith wore a black scarf around his neck to represent black pride, Carlos had his tracksuit top unzipped to show solidarity with all blue-collar workers in the US and wore a necklace of beads which he described \"were for those individuals that were lynched, or killed and that no-one said a prayer for, that were hung and tarred. It was for those thrown off the side of the boats in the Middle Passage.\"[4] All three athletes wore Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) badges after Norman, a critic of Australia's former White Australia Policy, expressed empathy with their ideals.[5] Sociologist Harry Edwards, the founder of the OPHR, had urged black athletes to boycott the games; reportedly, the actions of Smith and Carlos on October 16, 1968,[2] were inspired by Edwards' arguments.[6] 153554b96e
https://www.nhmhpa.org/group/mysite-200-group/discussion/f07f0aac-8d01-4435-9c93-21dc836f6bd6
https://www.cheekymagpie.org/group/mysite-200-group/discussion/327c9cab-a3c7-4e11-aceb-26c39fc1cc54